閥門結(jié)構(gòu)種類、材質(zhì)、認(rèn)證
Valve Design, Materials, and Approvals |
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閥門結(jié)構(gòu)種類
Valve Design Choices 1. 多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門
1. Multi-Turn
a) 閘閥
a) Gate
b) 截止閥/角-截止閥
b) Globe/Angle-Globe
2. 90o回轉(zhuǎn)閥門
2. Quarter-Turn
a) 球閥
a) Ball
b) 蝶閥－彈性閥座
b) Butterfly-resilient seated
3. 止回閥（阻止倒流）
3. Check (backflow prevention)
a) 旋啟式
a) Swing
b) 升降式
b) Lift
c) 彈簧驅(qū)動式
c) Spring-actuated
4. 連接端口
4. End connections |
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材質(zhì)
Materials 1. 青銅（壓力150 psi下溫度可達(dá)287oC；溫度65oC下壓力可達(dá)600 psi），通徑范圍：DN8至DN80
1. Bronze (up to 550°F at 150 psi/up to 600 psi at 150°F) 1/4"-3"
2. 鑄鐵（壓力250 psi下溫度可達(dá)232oC；溫度37oC下壓力可達(dá)500 psi），通徑范圍：DN50至DN600
2. Cast Iron (up to 450°F at 250 psi/up to 500 psi at 100°F) 2"-24"
3. 球墨鑄鐵（壓力125 psi下溫度可達(dá)343oC；溫度37oC下壓力可達(dá)600 psi），通徑范圍：DN50至DN300
3. Ductile Iron (up to 650°F at 125 psi/up to 600 psi at 100°F) 2"-12"
4. 不銹鋼（壓力125 psi下溫度可達(dá)343oC；溫度37oC下壓力可高達(dá)2000 psi），通徑范圍：DN8至DN300
4. Stainless Steel (up to 650°F at 125 psi/up to 2000 psi at 100°F) 1/4"-12"
認(rèn)證
Approvals 1. 美國閥門和管件制造商標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會（MSS）
1. Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS)
2. 消防安全認(rèn)證（UL®和FM）
2. Fire protection (UL® and FM)
3. 州立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
3. State and local codes. |
多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) (1)
Multi-Turn Valve Design Detail (1) |
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a) 閘閥
 a) Gate Valves
優(yōu)點(diǎn)－推薦
Positive Features - Recommendations
1) 適用于開啟－關(guān)閉管道系統(tǒng)
1) Good choice for on-off service
2) 完全流通－低壓降
2) Full flow-low pressure drop
3) 雙向
3) Bidirectional
缺點(diǎn)
Disadvantages
1) 不能用于節(jié)流；只能用于完全開啟或完全關(guān)閉
1) Not for throttling; use fully opened or fully closed
2) 金屬對金屬閥座意味著不適用于頻繁操作。金屬對金屬結(jié)構(gòu)也不適用于無氣泡閥座。
2) Metal-to-metal seating means not best choice for frequent operation. Bubble-tight seating should not be expected with metal-to-metal design.
3) 難于自動控制
3) Difficult to automate.
楔板和閥座結(jié)構(gòu)
Wedge and Seat Designs
 1) 實(shí)心楔板對于所有建筑物管道系統(tǒng)來說，都是最好的選擇�，F(xiàn)代鑄造技術(shù)和機(jī)械加工工藝使得實(shí)心楔板在許多管道系統(tǒng)中的工作性能表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異。
1) Solid wedge best choice for all building services. Modern foundry and machining controls enable the solid wedge to give good performance in a broad range of services.
2) 金屬實(shí)心楔板閥座對閥體上的金屬閥座這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式在建筑物管道系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用最普遍。橡膠涂層實(shí)心楔板（彈性楔板）在消防系統(tǒng)和市政冷水管道系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用越來越流行。彈性楔板結(jié)構(gòu)具有無氣泡閥座密封 功能，但是水溫最高不能超過71oC。
2) Metal solid wedge seating against metal seat in body is the most common in building service piping. Rubber-coated solid wedge (resilient wedge) has become popular in fire protection and municipal cold water service. The resilient wedge design offers bubble-tight seating, but is limited to 160°F water service.
閥桿結(jié)構(gòu)
Stem Designs
 1) 明桿－內(nèi)螺紋結(jié)構(gòu)對于青銅多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門來說是最通用、首選的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。在完全開啟的“后閥座”狀態(tài)下，閥桿螺紋能夠避免與流體介質(zhì)接觸。開啟閥門時，閥桿上升，因此在閥桿上升的地方就必須要有足夠的空間才能夠防止閥桿表面遭受損壞。閥桿位置的高低，指明了閥門處于開啟或關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。
*不推薦在閥門壓力增加時補(bǔ)充填料。
1) Rising stem-inside screw is the most common and preferred design for bronze multi-turn valves. In the fully open “back seated” position*, the stem threads are protected  from the circulation of flow media. Because the stem rises as the valve is opened, clearance must be provided and stem orientation should
protect it from external damage. The stem position indicates to the observer if the valve is opened or closed.
*Repacking while valve is pressurized is not recommended.
2) 暗桿－內(nèi)螺紋結(jié)構(gòu)用于青銅和鑄鐵閘閥。這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式比明桿更加緊湊，閥桿螺紋總是暴露在流體介質(zhì)中，容易受到侵蝕或腐蝕。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的閥門無法顯示開啟/關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。
2) Non-rising-inside screw stems are used in bronze and iron gate valves. While they are more compact than rising stem valves, the stem threads are always exposed to flowing media, allowing for possible erosion/corrosion. Open/close indication is not provided with this design. |
多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) (2)
Multi-Turn Valve Design Detail (2) |
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 3) 明桿－外螺紋和支架結(jié)構(gòu)是鑄鐵多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門的首選結(jié)構(gòu)。由于螺紋位于閥門外部，有利于防止被流體介質(zhì)腐蝕，有利于潤滑油的加注。當(dāng)閥桿上升時，要留心閥桿的上方有足夠的空間，防止螺紋受到損壞。閥桿的高低能夠指示閥門處于開啟或關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。
3) Rising stem-outside screw and yoke is preferred in iron multi-turn valves. threads are external to the valve, protecting them from flow media and enabling lubrication. Care should be taken for clearance as the stem rises so that threads are not damaged. The stem position provides indication that valve is opened or closed.
閥體－閥蓋連接方式
Body-Bonnet Connection
 1)管接頭式閥蓋： 對于建筑物管道系統(tǒng)中的青銅多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門，管接頭式閥蓋是值得推薦的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，但是，并不是所有類型的閥門都需要這種結(jié)構(gòu)。管接頭式閥蓋具有一定的強(qiáng)度，易于安裝和拆卸。
1) Union bonnet is recommended as the best choice for building services piping for bronze multi-turn valves, although not all styles offer this design. The union bonnet offers strength and ease of assembly-disassembly.
 2) 螺紋旋進(jìn)式閥蓋：通常用于輕型管道系統(tǒng)和小尺寸青銅多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門中。
2) Threaded-in bonnet is common in lighter-duty services and smaller sizes of bronze multi-turn valves.
 3) 螺栓閥體式閥蓋：鑄鐵多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門的主要結(jié)構(gòu)形式。這種帶襯墊連接方式堅(jiān)固耐用，并且易于安裝和拆卸。
3) Bolted body-bonnet connection is the principal design used in iron multi-turn valves. This gasketed joint is strong and easy to assemble/disassemble.
b) 截止閥/角式截止閥
b) Globe/Angle-Globe Valves
優(yōu)點(diǎn)－推薦
Positive Features - Recommendations
1) 推薦作為節(jié)流閥使用
1) Recommended for throttling applications
 2) 如果配置的是彈性閥座，就能夠具備真正的無氣泡關(guān)閉功能。
2) Positive bubble-tight shutoff when equipped with resilient seating
3) 適用于頻繁操作
3) Good for frequent operation
缺點(diǎn)
Disadvantages
1) 流程中具有明顯的壓降
1) Significant pressure drop due to flow path
2) 成本比其它種類閥門高
2) More costly than alternate valves
閥瓣和閥座結(jié)構(gòu)
Disc and Seat Designs
 1) 彈性（軟）閥座閥瓣是首選結(jié)構(gòu)。但是對于高溫管道系統(tǒng)，高精密度節(jié)流，或流體介質(zhì)具有研磨性等應(yīng)用環(huán)境，則合金金屬就是更好的選擇。對于大多數(shù)管道系統(tǒng)而言，聚四氟乙烯是最好的彈性閥瓣材料，但是在冷水環(huán)境中，橡膠具有更好的柔軟性。
1) Resilient (soft) seat discs are preferred over metalto-metal except where temperatures, very close throttling or abrasive flow make metal alloy seating a better choice. TFE is the best resilient disc material for most services, although rubber’s softness gives good performance in cold water.
 2) 插入式閥瓣/閥座：通常采用硬度較大的金屬合金，特別適用于需要精確節(jié)流，且流體介質(zhì)溫度超過聚四氟乙烯的溫度上限（260oC），或者流體包括研磨劑。鑄鐵截止閥通常采用半插入式青銅閥瓣/閥座結(jié)構(gòu)。
 2) Plug-type disc/seat, often with harder metal alloys, is best for very close throttling, when media temperature is beyond the range of TFE (500°F) or when abrasive flow is involved. Iron globe valves most commonly use semi-plug bronze disc/seat design.
3) 自動蒸汽截止止回閥和角式截止閥適用于中壓蒸汽管道系統(tǒng)，此時半插入式閥瓣的滑動作用使得閥門能夠起到關(guān)閉閥、節(jié)流閥和止回閥的作用。
3) Automatic steam stop-check angle-globe valves are best on medium-pressure steam service where the sliding action of the semi-plug disc assembly permits the valve to serve as a shut-off valve, a throttling valve and a check valve |
90o回轉(zhuǎn)閥門的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) (1)
Quarter-Turn Valve Design Detail (1) |
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90o回轉(zhuǎn)閥門的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) (2)
Quarter-Turn Valve Design Detail (2) |
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b) 蝶閥－彈性閥座
b) Butterfly Valves - Resilient Seated
 優(yōu)點(diǎn)－推薦
Positive Features - Recommendations
1) 無氣泡關(guān)閉功能的彈性材料閥座
1) Bubble-tight shut-off from resilient seats
2) 快速90o回轉(zhuǎn)開啟/關(guān)閉，比多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門更容易進(jìn)行自動控制
2) Quick 90° open/close, easier to automate than multi-turn valves
3) 與其它種類的閥門相比，性價比最高
3) Very cost-effective compared to alternate valve choices
4) 具有很強(qiáng)的節(jié)流性能
4) Broad range of throttling capabilities
5) 幾乎完全流通，壓降比截止閥小
5) Nearly full flow, less pressure drop than globe valves
6) 閥內(nèi)件材料的選擇范圍廣泛，能夠適應(yīng)不同的流體環(huán)境
6) Broad selection of trim materials to match different fluid conditions
7) 比多回轉(zhuǎn)閥門更加緊湊
7) More compact than multi-turn valves
8) 循環(huán)使用壽命更長
8) Offers high cycle life
缺點(diǎn)
Disadvantages
1) 不適用于蒸汽環(huán)境
1) Not for use with steam
2) 公稱通徑大于DN150時需要配置齒輪執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行操作，以防止由于操作速度過快造成破壞性管道沖擊。
2) Gear operators needed larger than 6” to aid in operation and protect against operating too quickly and causing destructive line shock.
 閥體結(jié)構(gòu)
Body Styles
1) 平板式（對夾式）：固定在兩個管道法蘭之間。安裝容易，但是不能作為隔斷閥使用。
1) Wafer-style held in place between two pipe flanges. Easy to install but cannot be used as isolation valve.
 2) 凸耳式：平板式閥體，但是具有螺紋凸耳，用于通過螺栓與125/150磅級法蘭連接。采用有頭螺栓，能夠非常方便地在閥門兩端進(jìn)行安裝。有些制造商設(shè)計(jì)的凸耳閥門具有在必要情況下，單獨(dú)承擔(dān)全部流體壓力，并可在其中一側(cè)拆卸管道的性能。
2) Lug-style is a wafer body but has tapped lugs matching up to bolt circle of Class 125/150 flanges. Easily installed with cap screws from either side. Lug-style designs from some manufacturers permit dropping the pipe from one side and the valve will hold full pressure when needed. (Dead end service)
 3) 管狀蝶閥：采用鑄鐵管接頭直接與管道連接。管狀閥門安裝最容易。
3) Grooved butterfly valves direct connect to pipe using iron pipe size couplings. Grooved valves are easiest to install.
 4) 法蘭蝶閥：結(jié)構(gòu)長度符合美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ANSI B16.10、125磅級和150磅級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的球閥、閘閥和旋塞閥。
4) Flanged butterfly valves face to face dimension conforms to ANSI Standard B16.10 and Materials Class 125 and 150 ball, gate and plug valves. |
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官方微信
1) 整體式：沒有潛在的閥體泄漏通道，但是要求采用縮徑流道球體；因此，壓降明顯。無法維修。
2) 兩件側(cè)裝式：建筑物管道系統(tǒng)最常用結(jié)構(gòu)。性價比最高。可配置不縮徑全流道或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流道球體。不易維修。
3) 三件式：成本最高的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是拆解容易，具有管內(nèi)可修性�？膳渲貌豢s徑全流道或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流道球體。
4) 上裝式：適用于某些工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，例如當(dāng)要求在維修過程中，不能把閥體從管道上拆卸下來時，就需要這種結(jié)構(gòu)的球閥。成本比兩件式高。
1) 不縮徑全流道球閥具有不影響整個管道壓降的性能，在此方面，甚至比閘閥性能更加優(yōu)異。
2) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（常規(guī)）流道球閥用于管道直徑比管道公稱通徑小的管道，但是其流通能力仍然比截止閥好得多。
3) 縮徑流道球閥流通能力較差，不推薦在建筑物管道系統(tǒng)中使用，但是可用于有害物質(zhì)傳輸?shù)奶幚砉艿馈?BR> 3) Reduced port ball valves have more than one pipe size flow restriction and are not recommended in building services piping, but rather for process